Factors Driving Hiv Aids Epidemic Health And Social Care Essay

Factors Driving Hiv Aids Epidemic Health And Social Care Essay This report aims to understand social and behavioral factors driving the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Inequalities fuel the spread of HIV/ AIDS on many different levels such as poverty, gender, education and health. Poor and vulnerable populations are most at risk from HIV/AIDS whereas wealthy countries that can afford access to anti retro viral drugs , have functioning health care systems and education policies in place; have a significantly lower rate of infection. The stigma surrounding HIV compounds these effects and the vulnerable remain marginalized and most at risk. The Nature of HIV/AIDS: A Global Pandemic: HIV/AIDS is a new epidemic in our history There currently is no cure and no vaccine for HIV/AIDS. HIV is transmissible through sexual contact both homosexual and heterosexual, injecting drug users and other rare occurrences of transmission such as blood transfusions. HIV has a long period of infection and between infection and illness. The world wide population of people living with HIV in 2008 was 33.4 million, with 31.3 million being adults, 15.7 million being female and 2.1 million being children under 15 years of age. In 2008, 2.7 million people were newly infected with HIV; 2.0 million people died from AIDS related illnesses and today it remains one of the leading causes of death globally. There is large variation between countries and regions of HIV/AIDS prevalence and according to epidemiological patterns; the disease is evolving with changing epidemic patterns in different regions globally. In Australia at the end of 2008 18,000 people were living with HIV. The transmission of HIV in Australia is primarily through sexual contact between homosexual men however the infection has also been transmitted through heterosexual contact and injecting drug users. In Thailand the population living with HIV/AIDS is 610,000, HIV/AIDS is primarily transmitted through heterosexual contact, injecting drug users and sex workers. In Thailand more than 1 in 100 adults of a population of 65 million is infected with HIV, and AIDS has become a leading cause of death. Sub-Saharan Africa is the most heavily affected HIV/AIDS area, in 2008 two thirds (67%) of the HIV/AIDS infected population worldwide remained in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa in total has 22.4 million people living with HIV/AIDS. Heterosexual exposure is the primary mode of transmission of HIV with females being more heavily affected by HIV. In the year 2008 there were 1.4 million AIDS related deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Life Course of HIV/AIDS Infection: The greatest challenge facing developing countries is the HIV/AIDS pandemic and the realization that it threatens not only human life but decades of development (Polgar, 2002). The disease attacks and destroys families and communities that place heavy financial burden on the economy (World Health Organization, 2010). Globally, the most vulnerable are the poor, women and young girls, prostitutes, injecting drug users and children of infected mothers. Dependent upon the mode of transmission, location and availability of treatment, the survival rate is between 1 to 11 years. A reduction of 80% of the disease has been achieved with treatments such as the anti-retroviral drugs, but the long term effects can cause secondary infections and malignancies that are associated with a compromised immune system. The increased spread of HIV/AIDS has affected social networks by conflict and displacement. Biologically women are more susceptible to contracting HIV than males due to hormonal changes, v aginal microbial ecology and physiology, and a higher prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (Quinn Overbaugh, 2005). The individual determinants of female vulnerability to HIV include gender inequity, poverty, cultural and sexual expectations, violence and lack of education. A large majority of older people that are living in low or middle-income countries can account for 70% of the ageing population worldwide (World Health Organisation, 2010) The opportunity to build the infrastructure necessary to address this demographic trend is much briefer because population ageing is occurring faster in countries, such as South Africa. There is a high risk of people falling into poverty in older age that may increase with reduction of family size. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS and the high mortality rate among adults has increased in numbers and skipped whole generations. Increasing numbers of the younger generation have died in the AIDS epidemic, leaving the surviving adults to take on the responsibility in caring for the sick, especially the poorer families (Stover et al, 2002 pp.73-77) The economic affects of HIV/AIDS at the Micro and Macro Levels: Developing countries bear the burden of the cost of HIV/AIDS. HIV not only negatively impacts households but also business and the pool of available workers. The result is a reversal of development and the United Nations (2007) argue that HIV/AIDS is the single most significant factor in this. (United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report, 2007). The damage that the epidemic has done to the economy, which, in turn, has made it more difficult for countries to respond to the crisis illustrates this negative development. Those who contract the disease are generally young and come from the most productive age group in society (18-40 year olds). The income of the family is eroded, not only due to the loss of the sick members income, but also because other family members stop working to care for their ill family members (Aus.Aid, 2001). Any savings a family has is soon eaten away by increased health related costs and the decreased income. The children are then forced into work and education is abandoned resulting in a cycle of poverty and disease that it is difficult, if not impossible to get out of. This results in a knock on effect in the broader community by reduced spending and lower demand for goods, which in turn may affect business output and the entire countries economic growth (Dhai, 2008). HIV/AIDS also affects the labour force. As the virus devastates an entire generation of people, skilled and experienced workers are lost, resulting in decreased productivity and reduced business prosperity. Amongst those who are able to work, productivity is likely to decline as a result of HIV-related illness. This in turn can affect the international competitiveness of a country and, foreign investment resulting in new opportunities, will go elsewhere. The World Bank identifies determinants for economic growth and HIV has undermined some of the most important; social capital, human capital and household savings (Bonnel, 2000). Falling tax revenue means decreased government revenue. This, combined with pressure to spend on health care to respond to the expanding epidemic often results in negative national growth. Thus, in countries that can least afford it HIV/AIDS has reduced economic growth and increased poverty (Bor, 2007). Poverty in turn, fuels the spread of the disease. Discrimination and Stigma of HIV/AIDS: In recent years there has been increasing recognition of the importance of analyzing the social and environmental aspects surrounding individuals living with HIV/AIDS. One social aspect in particular that has received a lot of interest within research is HIV/AIDS related stigma and discrimination. It is widely recognized that the negative social responses to this epidemic can have an extremely negative impact on the lives of people living with the disease (Parker and Aggleton, 2003). One person to voice the extensive impact of stigma and discrimination in relation to HIV/AIDS was Jonathan Mann, the founding director of the world health organizations former global program on aids. Mann distinguished between 3 different phases of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in any community. The first being the epidemic of HIV/AIDS infection, secondly HIV/AIDS itself as a disease and thirdly, the epidemic of social, cultural, economic and political responses to the disease which, he stated , was characterize d in a large part by extremely high levels of stigma, discrimination and collective denial. He claimed this to be as central to the global AIDS challenge as the disease itself (Parker Aggleton, 2003). Stigma and discrimination are part of complex systems of beliefs that people have relating to illness and disease and, can be caused by a number of factors including a lack of knowledge about the disease, and fear of contamination. It can also derive from other existing inequalities relating to race, gender, class and sexuality (Parker Aggleton, 2003 ; Anderson, Elam, Gerver, Solarin, Fenton Easterbrook, 2008) Stigma and discrimination cause numerous social inequalities and reinforce negative stereotypes which can lead to status loss and unequal outcomes for those with the disease (Castro Farmer, 2005). Stigma and discrimination are also associated with increased levels of anxiety, depressive symptoms, engaging in avoidant coping strategies, loneliness and suicidal ideation (Courte nay-Quirk, Wolitski, Parsons, Gomez Seropositive Urban mens study team, 2006). The Global Challenges of HIV/AIDS and the Living Environment: The course of HIV/AIDS can vary considerably among individuals with the disease, and when analyzing these differences a number of factors should be taken into account. It is important to not only reflect on the behavior and actions of the individual, but to also to consider the environmental factors surrounding them as they can have a significant effect on the likelihood of individuals seeking and receiving appropriate care. The challenges to receiving care can vary greatly depending on a large number of factors including, but not limited to, location, gender, culture and socio-economic status. However, there are a number of environmental factors that appear to have the greatest effect on the course of the disease. A study named the HIV aware/not in care project (cited in Nichols, Tchounwou, Mena Sarpong, 2009) identified a number of these Environmental barriers to productive living and care. These barriers included difficulty in receiving care, negative provider patient relationshi ps, lack of family support, funding for care and societal attitudes toward HIV/aids. A similar study named the effects of environmental factors on persons living with HIV/AIDS. Nichols et al.(2009); found that the environmental factors that had the most negative effect on patients living with HIV/AIDS were transportation, surroundings, government policies, attitudes and the natural environment. Both studies demonstrated that if these environmental factors are addressed, there negative effect is reduced which often improves the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS and Social Justice : Social justice is quite simply defined as being the right to fairness and reasonableness, especially with the way people are treated or how decisions regarding their health are made. Every human being has a right to good health. To remove this right is an act of social injustice (Gostin Powers, 2006). In western countries, such as Australia, anti-retroviral drugs are available on the PBS for the treatment of HIV. How can this be fair, when there are countries with millions of people suffering from HIV/AIDS and, who, do not have access to these life changing drugs. Out of 6 million people worldwide that require anti-retroviral drugs, only 8% are receiving them (Galvao, 2005). This is highlighted by the research showing that in sixty five countries throughout the world, that are of low or middle income, with a combined population of four billion people, patenting is very rare and there are limited drugs available, one of which is the anti-retroviral drugs needed for treatment of HIV/A IDS (Attaran, 2004). This, quite simply, is a prime example of the drug manufacturers being concerned only for their profit, not for the health of the people that this drug would benefit. The universal declaration of human rights, as stated in (Heywood, 2010) declares that a standard of living that is adequate for the health and well being of oneself, which includes basic housing, food and treatment to medical care, is a right that should be available to everyone, regardless of geographic location. HIV/AIDS and the Health Care System: Many factors contribute to the rate of clinical progression of HIV /AIDS and that can include age, gender, cultural beliefs, discrimination and stigma, host susceptibility, immunity, co-infections and access to appropriate healthcare. Globally, tuberculosis is the largest co-infection health concern and can be directly cause by HIV/AIDS. The morbidity rate is extremely high in developing countries and approximately a third of all HIV- positive individuals will develop tuberculosis before they die. The overlap between the epidemiology of HIV and tuberculosis has put a huge burden on the health systems especially in Africa. A reduction of both these infections can only be achieved by locating and screening cases, reducing reactivation and transmission of tuberculosis and reducing HIV transmission (Godfrey-Faussett Ayles, 2003). Although there has been a substantial improvement to healthcare, some nurses believe there is still a degree of risk when caring for those infected with the AIDS virus. Some of the personal and social factors that may contribute to this are the associated stigma of the disease, attitudes of the health professionals and community, acquired AIDS knowledge and personal safety (Preston Esther M. Forti, 2000). Available healthcare, increased life expectancy and better health outcomes are determined by social environments and life style behaviours. The necessary improvements can only be made by health development and simple policy changes. These changes, such as redistribution of income, targeting of taxation systems and implementing social programs focus towards primary care as well as community participation (Peters Garces, 2009). Approaches to prevention and the spread of HIV can be influenced by the social, cultural and religious beliefs in a country. The majority of people living wi th HIV/AIDS in the poorer countries seek international advocacy to assist financially and provide access to the antiretroviral drugs. By assisting partner countries, the Australian Government has implemented strategies to significantly reduce and reverse the spread of HIV and AIDS (Meier, 2007). DISCUSSION: For the past decade women have born the brunt of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In Africa women constitute 60% those infected with AIDS. In many societies women have a lower social and economic standing than men simply because they are women. In Africa this makes women more at risk of being infected with HIV, and then HIV causes women to fall deeper into poverty in a terrible cycle. Women often lack the social and economic power to insist on practising safe-sex leaving them vulnerable to HIV transmission from their sexual partners. In comparison it is interesting to note that in Thailand and Cambodia, as a result of education programs, condom use amongst sex workers has risen to 90% and these behavioural changes have had a positive impact on the spread of the disease. In Australia, HIV/AIDS has had little impact on the female population and remains predominately confined to the gay community and intravenous drug users . Women have a higher social standing in the community, are able to demand safe sex practices with partners and are educated, as a result of government programs about the virus. As a result the infection rate amongst Australian women is relatively low with 18,000 people infected but only 1200 of those are women . (un.aids.org, 2008). This comparison shows how beneficial education programs can be, even in countries where women struggle to achieve a higher social and economic standing and how raising the standing of women will assist in the shrinking of the spread of the disease. Women in developing countries also bear the burden of care that results from the virus. Often they are infected with the virus by their sexual partners and also are left to provide for the household if the male dies. This leaves women in developing countries trapped in a vicious cycle. The poverty they face leaves them vulnerable and often in a position where they are unable to demand safe sex practices. Removing the stigma associated with HIV enables women to seek medical care and the life prolonging drugs that allow them to remain the sole provider and carer for the family. The disease is not just about health, Its also about education. Education is an agent of change bringing economic independence to both males and females. Education is seen as a basic human right but many people in developing countries lack access to even basic literacy and numeracy skills. In many societies sex is a difficult subject to address and it needs to be openly and publicly discussed to educate vulnerable groups about minimising the risk of transmission and remove some of the stigma that surrounds HIV. In Australia, public health education campaigns were used early in the diseases lifespan to educate the population about the safe sex message and methods of transmission. As a result of these campaigns a public discourse was opened, sex became a more acceptable topic of discussion and some of the stigma surrounding the disease was removed. The use of condoms became socially acceptable and widely demanded. Thailand, too, tackled these difficult social issues and the results are evident in the decline of new infection rates, especially amongst women. However, African nations were and are slow to act. Condom use remains a difficult topic to address; this is compounded by many religious groups who refuse to advocate for condom use. Whilst developed countries are better able to fund these campaigns and provide free condoms; the social and economic cost to Africa and other developing nations may have been greatly reduced if action in this area was swift. Embroiled in gender and education is poverty. Poverty restricts access to health care, education and economic independence. Poverty prevents governments taking effective action on a national level, restricts health care access on a community level and impacts on the everyday lives of those living with the disease. By addressing poverty in communities most at risk, people will remain in their communities and not travel away for work and bring the disease back. It would be hoped this lessens the spread of HIV. Increased access to health care allows those already living with HIV to access drugs and those at risk of the disease to become educated on paths of transmission. We have discussed how wealthy nations have minimised the rate of infection through education and public health campaigns but these rely on the funds being available to initiate such programs. Universal access to life saving drugs is a concept that is widely discussed in relation to HIV/AIDS and whilst this would undoubtedly be beneficial it requires political and business leaders to show goodwill. Yet it would also bring many challenges; how would these drugs be distributed? In many countries health care workers are dying of HIV and health care systems and distribution networks are almost non existent. Who would educate the general public about the treatments and monitor compliance? In countries like Papua New Guinea, the mountainous terrain and numerous languages add another barrier to effective education and distribution of treatments. At some point since HIV/AIDS was first identified it stopped being solely a health issue and became an issue of inequality. Inequalities between developed and developing countries mean that the disease has hit hardest where the people can least afford it. Gender inequalities have meant that women find themselves in a position that leaves them vulnerable to being infected. Economic inequalities make access to drugs difficult . Poverty results from the disease and also fuels the disease. Lack of access to education leaves people unable to break free of the poverty cycle and helps fuel the stigma that surrounds the disease. Lack of political will and action has condemned millions of people to a cycle of disease and poverty. Greed on behalf of large pharmaceutical companies has denied millions of people life improving drugs. Never before has an illness affected entire countries from the poorest person to the most powerful and every facet of that country from the economic system, through to the health care and education systems. HIV/AIDS is not just an illness, it is also socially determined and as such a vaccine or a cure is only part of the required solution.

The Role Of Intellectuals In The Rise Of Marxism History Essay

Marxism refers to the socio-political and economic universe position which proposes socialism as a political political orientation to transform society into a better entity. The conceivers of Marxism were Karl Marx together with Friedrich Engels who lived in Britain but had originally migrated from Germany. Basically Marxism interprets society materialistically adopting the thought that societal alteration is driven by category battles where different categories compete to acquire better conditions. Karl Marx and Engels argued that capitalist economy has resulted in subjugation of the lower category that form the bulk in society and does non have belongings by the middle class or the rich. This paper discuses how intellectuals helped in the rise of Marxism and concludes that they were the driving force in its rise. Marxism idea has had a profound influence on intellectuals while intellectuals have contributed a batch to this idea. Many academicians in a broad scope of subjects have adopted the historical apprehension of society espoused by Marxism including political scientists, economic expert, philosophers, psychologists, sociologists, historiographers and a host of many other intellectuals. The period that saw the most important application of Marx idea in societies around the universe was the twentieth century where intellectuals of note advanced the Marxist thought to pervade through political, economic and societal domains of life ( Curtis, 1997 ) . Marxist idea developed into a powerful political and societal motion with Marxist authoritiess taking over power in many states in the universe.Intellectuals and the Rise of MarxismAn rational can be referred to as anybody who employs intelligence-which is fundamentally thought and reason-in a critical and analytical mode at the professional o r personal capacity. Intellectuals advancing the Marxist construct have chiefly dealt with theories and learned thoughts based on the original Marxist theory to develop their ain version of societal alteration effort that has had a large consequence on the rise of Marxism ( Bottomore, 1991 ) . Intellectuals have over clip been interested in Marxism although sometimes with really different positions. Notably, intellectuals have influenced Marxism by virtuousness of the facts that they come from categories within society, they aid in construing constructs and suiting them to specific state of affairss and besides, they are potentially leaders by virtuousness of their apprehension of society and its challenges and chances. Largely, intellectuals have been linked with political orientations and those concerned with Marxism have had a profound impact on the political and societal developments of assorted states in the twentieth century. The Russian revolution in 1917 led to the constitution of the individual most powerful state tally based on Marxist political orientation. The Soviet Union was founded in the twelvemonth 1922 with several leaders of note like Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky being important Marxist theoreticians. Theoretical tendencies like Stalinism, Trotskyism and Marxism-Leninism were branchs of Marxism. In add-on to that, the civil war of China resulted in the people & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s democracy of China in 1949 with Mao Zedong, the first leader developing the theoretical Maoism. A figure of states including, Cuba, Nepal, North Korea and Venezuela have besides followed in these lines with leaders who adopted Marxist doctrine set uping Marxist leadings. All these leaders brought around socialist reforms in their states. To get down with, possibly the most of import intellectuals who promoted Marxism were the conceivers, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It is worthy observing that Marxism has taken many dimensions in the class of clip with different theoreticians coming up with their ain versions. This wider position of Marxism can be contrasted to classical Marxism which is what the original minds Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels put frontward as their idea ( Curtis, 1997 ) . Karl Marx was a philosopher and political economic expert who besides became a noteworthy socialist revolutionist. His most noteworthy plants were turn toing issues of development and disaffection of the working category in capitalist economy and besides in developing the Theory of Historical Materialism. Marx analyzed history of worlds history based on category battles and produced the Communist Manifesto together with Friedrich Engels, the most of import of their work. His original thoughts proved really influential at the clip and subsequently particularly after the industrial revolution increased the wealth of states which was acquired by a few persons who oppressed the remainder of society. Marx thesis was ; the history of society has ever been the history of category battles. Following this statements, Marx called for societal alteration where he urged the exploited working category to lift up against the opinion category and the wealthy so as to accomplish a just distribution of resources ( Krygier, 1994 ) . As already stated, Friedrich Engels was an confederate of Marx and the carbon monoxide writer of the Communist pronunciamento and the Communist theory. Engels was a political philosopher who alongside Marx was deported from several states in Europe due to his political and societal positions. For case, after the publication of the Communist pronunciamento in 1848, both Marx and Engels had to travel to Cologne after Belgium threw them out. The two wrote several other plants and published politically extremist newspapers advancing the Communist ideals that they held. Notably, although the two came up with a new and independent idea, they were greatly influenced by former minds and philosophers. Karl Marx drew his influences from classical Germany doctrine, early Gallic socialism and besides from classical British economic sciences ( Pejovich, 1990 ) . Gallic socialists saw capitalist economy as advancing a bad societal organisation, that of private belongings rights and hence capitalist economy. They blamed it for working category poorness, income inequality, kid labour, unemployment and many of the societal jobs. These thoughts were held by Marx as true ( Pejovich, 1990 ) . Philosophers from Germany like Hegel, Immanuel Kant and Ludwig Feuerbach besides influenced Marx thought a batch. Hegel for illustration tried to explicate a Social Change Theory stating that human history has been shaped by alterations in the societal construction coming from within the societal system. Marx besides developed his Theory of Historical Materialism based on this basic thought ( Pejovich, 1990 ) . Furthermore, Marx borrowed from the British economic expert David Ricardo the Labor Theory of Value. The theory fundamentally espoused that any trade good & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s value can be equated to the figure of hours needed to bring forth it. To Karl Marx excessively, the working category were being exploited when the capitalist took the far greater excess and paid workers meagre rewards.Significant Modern TheoristsAssorted other intellectuals built upon the Marxist theory and came up with discrepancies that drove political and societal alteration in societies across the universe. One of these discrepancies and possibly the most noteworthy in footings of followings and impact is Marxism-Leninism. Besides known as Collectivism or as many like to mention to it, communism, it had its ideological beginnings from Vladimir Lenin and other Russian intellectuals parts to Marx idea. As a immature adult male, Lenin was involved in practising jurisprudence before acquiring into political relations where he did radical propaganda. He was arrested and jailed for some months before being sent to expatriate in Siberia where he published many theoretical plants ( Read, 2005 ) . Lenin subsequently became the leader of a split Social Democratic Labor Party which sought to subvert the Tsarist government. The split was occasioned by the differing ideological positions about the most suited manner of conveying societal alteration to Russia with Lenin staying with the Bolshevik cabal that finally took power ( Read, 2005. Basically, what Lenin and fellow intellectuals did was usage assorted agencies to distribute Marxist political orientations to the in-between category in Russia so as to make possible for a revolution by beat uping the working category and other lower categories against the opinion category. This work is what eventually led to the revolution of 1917 in Russia that introduced Marxist political orientation into the political and societal landscape of Russia widely referred to as communism ( Read, 2005 ) . Lenin introduced a socialist system of administration in Russia that replaced the absolute regulation of the Tsars. As a organic structure of idea, Marxism-Leninism was later closely identified with Joseph Stalin as its figure caput when Lenin died. Over clip nevertheless, there were ideological developments within the same political orientation of Marxism-Leninism that creped up within Russia itself. These schools of idea continued to act upon the pattern of socialism in Russia and its orbiters for a long clip therefore keeping Marxism together. Some of the major goings from the original Marxist-Leninism were the denouncing of the cult of personality that had developed around Stalin by Nikita Khrushchev and the dogma that category struggles go on even under socialism. Marxism political orientations continued playing a large portion of Russia & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s personal businesss up to the decennary of 1990s. The long being of the Marxist pattern was enabled by the being of communist party members who continued advancing Marxist political orientations even exporting it to other states apa rt from the USSR during the cold war epoch. Intellectuals back uping Marxism would acquire educated in communist states and travel back place to form revolutions. Chinese pupils were exposed to western socialism largely in Japan which was comparatively developed at the clip. The degree of rational involvement in Marxism amongst the Chinese was reasonably low in early twentieth century but changed when Russia managed the Bolshevik revolution and besides when the May Fourth Movement occurred in China. Harmonizing to Daniels ( 1987 ) , the East particularly China was non attracted to communism by Marxian analysis of history as subjugation of the lower category by the rich and powerful. Communism appealed to intellectuals of the East as a new subject and manner of life that would set their state in a better place to industrialise and derive national power to be able to vie with other states of the West which were good in front in footings of development. It really presented them with a manner of occidentalizing without really copying the West. Bing chiefly an agricultural economic system, Chinese Marxist intellectuals used the peasantry to advance their aspirations for a revolution by mentioning to it as the radical category. The sheer Numberss of the peasantry made it possible for the Chinese Marxists to prevail. The communist motion in China was really much divorced from workers in the old ages prior to the Communists presuming power. It was fundamentally used as an look of intellectuals who were extremist minded. Mao Tse-tung was the one intellectual who pushed for a engagement of the provincials to assist convey about a revolution ( Daniels, 1987 ) . The communist motion in China was therefore headed by intellectuals who followed the Marxian political orientation that the working and lower category must unify and lift up against the opinion category so as to convey societal alteration. Intellectuals saw this as an chance to utilize the people non merely to convey the much needed societal alteration but besides come up with political alterations with them at the helm. In China, there existed many approaching intellectuals who holding been schooled in western instruction started to dispute traditional Chinese doctrine and faulting it for the jobs in China at the clip. Knight ( 2005 ) says the most noteworthy intellectuals who promoted Marxist political orientations included Mao Zedong, Qu Quibai, Ai Siqi and Li Dazhao. The four and others were basically revolutionists who used doctrine to acquire a better apprehension of the universe and a manner of rushing up alteration in the state. Marxism and the political orientations expressed in it were new to Chinas cultural agreements because the positions developed outside China. However, Marxism as already noted, was found to be appealing by the Chinese intellectuals because of the possible benefits of altering the Chinese society and delivery development in the state. Mao Zedong was peculiarly influential in advancing communism in China and initiated many efforts at cultural alterations in the state which involved a batch of grassroots mobilisations that built on Marxist ideological entreaty. The cult of Mao created by Mao Zedong and his close associates was besides of import in fostering the dogmas of Marxism and therefore steadfastly set uping communist leading.An Analysis of Marxism entreaty to IntellectualsNovack ( 1935 ) argues that the clerisy of any society do non do up a category and make non by any agencies stand above the categories. Intellectuals are a group which is made up of members who are consciously or unconsciously pressed into functioning all categories. This group is really heterogenous due to the fact that it is drawn from different categories. They have different commitments, societal beginnings and aspirations. Thus the map of intellectuals is to joint issues and political orientations for the benefit of all members and cate gories of society. Although the intellectuals have ever held a better place in society ( most come from the in-between category ) than the lower category which is down trodden, Marxism held a great entreaty to both of these groups. Again, holding no other theory to explicate the history of human dealingss, Marxism seemed logical plenty and still does to intellects ( Perry et al, 2009 ) . As Karl Marx himself observed, the rational are in a better place to rule others in the societal agreement by virtuousness of their cognition and ability ( Rockmore, 2002 ) . The intellectuals hence saw an chance in socialism where they could take the bulk of people to arise against the opinion category and therefore set up better conditions for all. This entreaty was so great and is what led intellectuals to mobilise the working categories and the hapless to lift against the swayers. By distributing these thoughts, the intellectuals played the greatest portion in the rise of Marxism and its outcrops in many states around the universe. Intelligibly, Marxism is an ideological motion with really extremist propositions but one that had non been tried before. To intellectuals, the statement in this political orientation was logical and straightforward and given the many jobs afflicting many societies in the universe, intellectuals saw Marxism as the greatest hope for humanity.DecisionMarxism has held a great ideological entreaty to non lone intellectuals but besides the disadvantaged in society. Although its application proved a failure in the twentieth century with the diminution of communist governments, the political orientation continues to hold great entreaty to intellectuals across the universe. The work of intellectuals being the critical and originative analysis of ideological concepts, it has been instrumental in act uponing societies to follow Marxism and convey societal alteration. Intellectuals have promoted Marxism by coming up with thoughts about socialist society and suiting them to the peculiar contexts from which they come from. Besides, intellectuals have been instrumental in existent mobilisation of the hapless and working category to convey about revolutions across the universe. Notably, it is intellectuals who rose to the helm of political leading of the Communist regimes that came up during the twentieth century. In this manner, they were able to advance the rise of Marxism around the universe.

Dick Smith Cover Letter Essay

Please accept my enthusiastic application for the Retail salesperson. As soon as I saw your advertisement on Trademe.com, I knew I was the perfect candidate for the position. I believe my experience of encountering lots of different types of people from all of the activities i have joined before will be very helpful and useable for the position as i am a very patient person. Besides, i am not entering school until term 1 of 2015 because I just arrived here 3 weeks ago and was advised to start school only on term 1 of 2015 since term 4 of 2014 is ending soon. So i will be able to work whenever needed and i will be able to help out in any way. Also, it is only a few minutes away from my house so that won’t be a problem. My passion about getting more experience about working and gaining knowledge about technologies would make me an excellent position for the retail salesperson. I have participated in lots of sports activities such as Karate, which i am in a brown-black belt now which is the one last stage before the black belt, got gold in kumite category in regionals and silver in kata category. Also been in the school Volleyball team and participated at Regionals, school Athlete (track and field) and managed to get silver at regionals, also a Dancer and got champions in competitions with my crew several times. Also do Rhythmic Gymnastics and Artistic Gymnastic and got 5th placing in Rhythmic Gymnastic Malaysia Nationals senior category 2014. Lastly, i also join Cheerleading and was the captain of my team back in Malaysia and managed to get champions at inter school competition during my first year of leading. By joining all sorts of activities from all different ages ranging from youngsters to elderly, I have became a confident person and a much better person. I am also the type of person that loves to keep everything in order and tidy so i can ensure the place would always be tidy.  Since i was a kid, I was a natural leader of a certain group. I was also a school prefect for several times and i will always take care of my responsibly. By becoming a leader, i learned to gain confidence in speaking to groups. I have also been told that I have an approachable attitude and i myself know that cause I smile a lot and be friendly. I have an average understanding of the general knowledge and interests of technologies. Also encountered lot of different type of people from all the activities i have joined before. I therefore know what sorts of attitude and types of people there are and can easily handle and talk to them. I have the skill to be able to talk in multiple languages. Such as Mandarin, and Malay. So i am pretty sure that may be an advantage as they are quite some Chinese’s here. I have been always been the problem solver between my friends and my all my teams in whatever the situation is since i have a very high patience. I am not schooling until 2015 so i will be free and be prepared to work on weekend/holiday shifts and to be able to work on odd occasion when needed. have enclosed my resume, thank you for taking you time to read this resume of mine and also Thank you so much for your time and consideration.

Abortion The Moral And Legal Status Of Abortion - 869 Words

A statistics reveals that twenty-one percent of all U.S. pregnancies (excluding miscarriages) end in abortion (AGI). Referring to a provided data, a controversial debate regarding a morality and legality of abortion has been raised among society. The different perceptions towards abortion have been expressed by two groups, such as: pro-choice and pro-life. The abortion’s opponents believes that unborn babies are humans from the moment of conception and, therefore, abortion is immoral and effectively killing innocent human beings. The abortion’s supporters claims that there should not be any government’s interfere in women’s right to privacy. A relevance of a moral status of a fetus can be observed in determining whether the abortion is justifiable or morally wrong. An article  «On the Moral and Legal status of Abortion » by Mary Anne Warren provides with a reasonable arguments that proves a point, in which the fetus does not consider to be a person. J ohn T. Noonan Jr.’s implies that a presence of the human genome in the cell nuclei of the human conceptus from conception onwards along with a potential capacity for rational choice are the relevant aspects in which a classification of fetuses with human beings interacts. A contradiction towards Noonan’s point of view has been implied by Mary Warren, in which she doubts his arguments by indicating its invalidity due to a lack of proof of the genetic fetuses to be the humans in the moral sense. Mary WarrenShow MoreRelatedOn the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion1423 Words   |  6 PagesEdwin Carter Jr. Session Paper Draft Applied Ethics October 15, 2010 â€Å"On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion†, an essay written by Mary Anne Warren, defend abortion in any stage of a woman’s pregnancy (pg 468). Warren argues that the potential to become a human being is not the same as being human and deserving the same right to life (pg. 468-472). This essay asserts that in order to be human, one must possess five particular traits (pg. 470). These trait are consciousness, reasoning, self-motivatedRead MoreThe Moral And Legal Status Of Abortion932 Words   |  4 Pagesto western standards. Because of this viewpoint, the objection that Mary Anne Warren’s argument to support the morality of abortion should also be extended to infanticide as well poses a problem. Warren claims that in order to earn the status of personhood you must possess the five characteristics that she enumerates in her article â€Å"On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion.† These characteristics include consciousness, reasoning, self- moti vated activity, communication, and concept of self. InRead MoreAbortion (Marry Anne Warren â€Å"on the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion, † and â€Å"Utilitarianism.†)1611 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion is the process by which an embryo or fetus is removed from the uterus, resulting in the termination of a pregnancy. Natural or non induced abortions are commonly known as miscarriages. Abortion has had a long and passionate history. It has been induced through various methods ranging from, herbal medicines, and the use of sharpened tools, physical trauma, and other traditional methods. The different legal and cultural views on abortion differ around the world, and in many regions of theRead MoreAbortion : Ethical And Moral1495 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion Introduction Is it ethical and moral to have an abortion? The definition of abortion is â€Å"deliberate removal or deliberate action to cause the expulsion of a fetus from the womb of a human female, at the request of or through the agency of the mother, so as in fact to result in the death of the fetus† (Merriam-Webster, 2016). What about the morality of un-coerced, human abortion for our purposes abortions are voluntary, deliberate removals of a human fetus (Objections to Warren, 2016)Read MoreThe Ethical Justification Of Abortion Essay1095 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Ethical justification of abortion is a controversial subject consisting of numerous significant theories that have been presented based on studies and researches. Basically, abortion refers to termination of pregnancy through removal of the undeveloped fetus. Seemingly, the act is highly condemned by majority sociologists and health practitioners due to violation of humanitarian ethics and morals. However, this particular perspective is orientated by the normative ethics system entailingRead More Discussion of Abortion Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesDiscussion of Abortion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abortion is the surgical termination of a pregnancy. How odd that people are able to define something, that is such a controversial issue, so easily. There are hundreds, thousands, and even millions of things to say about abortion. When it comes to abortion, I find myself thinking like a symbolic interactionist. Abortion is a personal social issue and it needs to be seen on a micro level first. Although abortion can also be seen on a macro level, seeing abortion on a microRead More Abortion Essay1162 Words   |  5 Pages Abortion has been one of the topics of hot debate for the last three decades in our nation. Since the Roe v/s Wade decision in 1973, some Americans feel the need to ponder whether aborting fetuses is a moral action. On the one hand, some people feel that abortion should be legal because a woman has a right to choose whether she wants to continue a pregnancy or not. Its her body. On the other hand, some feel that fetuses have no advocates and des erve a right to live, so it is immoral to abandonRead MoreIs Abortion Right or Wrong?1028 Words   |  5 Pagesprocess of having an abortion has been a controversial topic for many years. Even though an abortion is legal, Americans believe abortions are only morally correct when used for medical reasons. The word â€Å"abortion† can be defined various ways depending on a person’s perspective. Abortion is defined by Oxford as â€Å"the act of giving untimely birth to offspring, premature delivery, miscarriage; the procuring of premature delivery so as to destroy offspring† (Dionisio). The National Abortion Federation definesRead MoreAbortion And Abortion1557 Words   |  7 Pages Abortion; is defined, â€Å"the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus. This is the definition of abortion of which I will be reviewing its ethical status. After Roe vs Wade, the supreme court simultaneously decided that women have the right of privacy under the 14th amendment; making it acceptable to abort a pregnancy within the first trimester. The main argument on abortion is really a debate on human life,Read MoreMorality and Social Policy1205 Words   |  5 PagesJrAn Almost Absolute Value in HistoryThe Morality of Abortion: Legal and Historical Perspectives51-591970CambridgeHarvard University Press HYPERLINK l _ENREF_2 o Noonan, 1970 #705 Noonan (1970), anyone conceived by a man and a woman is human and by recognizing this fact, it is inhuman to kill the fetus despite its imperfections. He also presents the argument that by limiting humanity to exclude certain groups which comes from al lowing abortion as a result of imperfections in the fetus risks creating